UPSC-Oriented CA (07 Sep 26)
Daily CA • 75 Questions
Question 1 of 75
Consider the following statements regarding the 26th Shanghai Cooperation Organisation (SCO) summit:
1. The summit was held in Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan.
2. The Bishkek Declaration marked the 25th anniversary of the SCO.
1. The summit was held in Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan.
2. The Bishkek Declaration marked the 25th anniversary of the SCO.
Answer: A
Explanation:
• The 26th SCO Council of Heads of State summit was held in Bishkek from August 31 to September 1, 2026, and the joint Bishkek Declaration marked 25 years of the organisation. The summit also addressed terrorism, West Asia and the global order. The location and anniversary are distinct factual anchors, making both statements correct.
• The 26th SCO Council of Heads of State summit was held in Bishkek from August 31 to September 1, 2026, and the joint Bishkek Declaration marked 25 years of the organisation. The summit also addressed terrorism, West Asia and the global order. The location and anniversary are distinct factual anchors, making both statements correct.
Consider the following statements about the SCO's recent institutional development:
1. English was added as an official and working language through an amendment to the SCO Charter.
2. India and Pakistan became full SCO members in 2023.
1. English was added as an official and working language through an amendment to the SCO Charter.
2. India and Pakistan became full SCO members in 2023.
Answer: B
Explanation:
• The SCO amended its Charter to include English as an official and working language. India and Pakistan became full members in 2017, not 2023; Iran joined in 2023 and Belarus in 2024. Thus only the first statement is correct.
• The SCO amended its Charter to include English as an official and working language. India and Pakistan became full members in 2017, not 2023; Iran joined in 2023 and Belarus in 2024. Thus only the first statement is correct.
Consider the following statements about India's GDP performance in Q1 FY 2026–27:
1. Real GDP growth was 7.8%.
2. Manufacturing growth was higher than services growth in the quarter.
1. Real GDP growth was 7.8%.
2. Manufacturing growth was higher than services growth in the quarter.
Answer: C
Explanation:
• India recorded real GDP growth of 7.8% in April–June 2026. Manufacturing grew 9.2%, while the tertiary sector expanded 10%, so services grew faster than manufacturing. Therefore, statement 1 is correct and statement 2 is incorrect.
• India recorded real GDP growth of 7.8% in April–June 2026. Manufacturing grew 9.2%, while the tertiary sector expanded 10%, so services grew faster than manufacturing. Therefore, statement 1 is correct and statement 2 is incorrect.
Consider the following statements about the Legal Metrology (Indian Standard Time) Rules, 2026:
1. They seek to make IST the legally enforceable reference for official and commercial use.
2. CSIR-NPL is described as the enforcement authority for legal metrology inspectors.
1. They seek to make IST the legally enforceable reference for official and commercial use.
2. CSIR-NPL is described as the enforcement authority for legal metrology inspectors.
Answer: D
Explanation:
• The new rules seek to give Indian Standard Time legal status as a common national reference. CSIR-NPL maintains scientific standards and disseminates IST, whereas enforcement of legal metrology remains with the Department of Legal Metrology. Hence only statement 1 is correct.
• The new rules seek to give Indian Standard Time legal status as a common national reference. CSIR-NPL maintains scientific standards and disseminates IST, whereas enforcement of legal metrology remains with the Department of Legal Metrology. Hence only statement 1 is correct.
Consider the following statements about the Sone river-water agreement:
1. Bihar is to receive 5.75 million acre-feet under the inter-state MoU.
2. Jharkhand is to receive 2 million acre-feet under the same arrangement.
1. Bihar is to receive 5.75 million acre-feet under the inter-state MoU.
2. Jharkhand is to receive 2 million acre-feet under the same arrangement.
Answer: A
Explanation:
• The August 31 inter-state MoU between Bihar and Jharkhand resolved a long-running dispute over Sone water sharing. The agreed allocation cited by The Indian Express is 5.75 MAF for Bihar and 2 MAF for Jharkhand. Both statements therefore correctly capture the reported allocation.
• The August 31 inter-state MoU between Bihar and Jharkhand resolved a long-running dispute over Sone water sharing. The agreed allocation cited by The Indian Express is 5.75 MAF for Bihar and 2 MAF for Jharkhand. Both statements therefore correctly capture the reported allocation.
Consider the following statements about the Nancy Grace Roman Space Telescope:
1. It is designed to operate near the Sun–Earth L2 Lagrange point.
2. Its field of view is narrower than that of the Hubble Space Telescope.
1. It is designed to operate near the Sun–Earth L2 Lagrange point.
2. Its field of view is narrower than that of the Hubble Space Telescope.
Answer: B
Explanation:
• NASA's Roman Space Telescope is planned for operation at L2, about 1.2 million km from Earth. Its field of view is more than 100 times wider than Hubble's, so statement 2 reverses the reported comparison. Only statement 1 is correct.
• NASA's Roman Space Telescope is planned for operation at L2, about 1.2 million km from Earth. Its field of view is more than 100 times wider than Hubble's, so statement 2 reverses the reported comparison. Only statement 1 is correct.
With reference to the Bishkek Declaration of the SCO, consider the following:
1. It called double standards in combating terrorism unacceptable.
2. It welcomed the SCO Civilization Dialogue Forum in India in autumn 2026.
3. It described the SCO as a military alliance directed against particular states.
1. It called double standards in combating terrorism unacceptable.
2. It welcomed the SCO Civilization Dialogue Forum in India in autumn 2026.
3. It described the SCO as a military alliance directed against particular states.
Answer: C
Explanation:
• The declaration criticised double standards on terrorism and welcomed the Civilization Dialogue Forum in India. The SCO describes itself as open, non-interference-based and not directed against any state; it is not a military bloc. Hence statements 1 and 2 alone are correct.
• The declaration criticised double standards on terrorism and welcomed the Civilization Dialogue Forum in India. The SCO describes itself as open, non-interference-based and not directed against any state; it is not a military bloc. Hence statements 1 and 2 alone are correct.
Consider the following about the SCO's membership history:
1. The Shanghai Five preceded the SCO.
2. Uzbekistan joined when the SCO was founded in 2001.
3. Iran became a full member in 2023.
1. The Shanghai Five preceded the SCO.
2. Uzbekistan joined when the SCO was founded in 2001.
3. Iran became a full member in 2023.
Answer: D
Explanation:
• The SCO's roots lie in the 1996 Shanghai Five of China, Russia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan. The SCO was founded in Shanghai in 2001, when Uzbekistan joined as the sixth member. Iran became a full member in 2023. All three statements are correct.
• The SCO's roots lie in the 1996 Shanghai Five of China, Russia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan. The SCO was founded in Shanghai in 2001, when Uzbekistan joined as the sixth member. Iran became a full member in 2023. All three statements are correct.
Regarding India's recent engagement with Belgium, consider the following:
1. The two countries agreed to strengthen defence and intelligence-sharing.
2. They agreed to boost cooperation in semiconductors.
3. They agreed to establish an investment fast-track mechanism.
1. The two countries agreed to strengthen defence and intelligence-sharing.
2. They agreed to boost cooperation in semiconductors.
3. They agreed to establish an investment fast-track mechanism.
Answer: A
Explanation:
• During Prime Minister Narendra Modi's September 4 meeting with Belgian Prime Minister Bart De Wever, the two sides agreed on defence and intelligence cooperation, semiconductor partnership, an investment fast-track mechanism, renewable-energy cooperation and an ambition to double bilateral trade. Thus all three statements are supported.
• During Prime Minister Narendra Modi's September 4 meeting with Belgian Prime Minister Bart De Wever, the two sides agreed on defence and intelligence cooperation, semiconductor partnership, an investment fast-track mechanism, renewable-energy cooperation and an ambition to double bilateral trade. Thus all three statements are supported.
Consider the following statements about the Indus Waters Treaty dispute:
1. The treaty governs six rivers of the Indus river system.
2. The eastern rivers are Sutlej, Beas and Ravi.
3. The treaty was signed in 1960 with World Bank mediation.
1. The treaty governs six rivers of the Indus river system.
2. The eastern rivers are Sutlej, Beas and Ravi.
3. The treaty was signed in 1960 with World Bank mediation.
Answer: B
Explanation:
• The Indus Waters Treaty of 1960 covers the Indus, Jhelum, Chenab, Ravi, Beas and Sutlej. The eastern rivers—Ravi, Beas and Sutlej—were allocated for India's use, while the western rivers were allocated primarily to Pakistan. The World Bank mediated the treaty. All three statements are correct.
• The Indus Waters Treaty of 1960 covers the Indus, Jhelum, Chenab, Ravi, Beas and Sutlej. The eastern rivers—Ravi, Beas and Sutlej—were allocated for India's use, while the western rivers were allocated primarily to Pakistan. The World Bank mediated the treaty. All three statements are correct.
With reference to Semicon 2.0, consider the following:
1. Its operational framework was notified on August 31.
2. The programme has an outlay of about ₹1.27 lakh crore.
3. At least three of its six pillars are devoted entirely to chip design.
1. Its operational framework was notified on August 31.
2. The programme has an outlay of about ₹1.27 lakh crore.
3. At least three of its six pillars are devoted entirely to chip design.
Answer: C
Explanation:
• The Centre notified the Semicon 2.0 operational framework on August 31 with an outlay of ₹1.27 lakh crore. Government support is organised around six pillars, with at least three entirely focused on chip design. Hence all three statements are correct.
• The Centre notified the Semicon 2.0 operational framework on August 31 with an outlay of ₹1.27 lakh crore. Government support is organised around six pillars, with at least three entirely focused on chip design. Hence all three statements are correct.
Consider the following about India's Semicon 2.0 design support:
1. C-DAC is to issue requests for proposals for strategic chip-development projects.
2. The IP created under such projects is to be jointly owned by the developer and C-DAC.
3. The scheme excludes academic institutions from participation.
1. C-DAC is to issue requests for proposals for strategic chip-development projects.
2. The IP created under such projects is to be jointly owned by the developer and C-DAC.
3. The scheme excludes academic institutions from participation.
Answer: D
Explanation:
• C-DAC, under the IT Ministry, will issue RFPs and select developers competitively; IP generated in those projects will be jointly owned by the company and C-DAC. Indian-owned and controlled companies may work with global firms, research organisations and academic institutions. Thus statement 3 is incorrect.
• C-DAC, under the IT Ministry, will issue RFPs and select developers competitively; IP generated in those projects will be jointly owned by the company and C-DAC. Indian-owned and controlled companies may work with global firms, research organisations and academic institutions. Thus statement 3 is incorrect.
Consider the following statements about AI-generated works under the recent Indian copyright decision:
1. The Copyright Office rejected Stephen Thaler's application concerning an artwork generated by DABUS.
2. The decision held that an AI-generated work is automatically uncopyrightable because it was made by AI.
3. For computer-generated works, Section 2(d)(vi) identifies the person who causes the work to be created as the author.
1. The Copyright Office rejected Stephen Thaler's application concerning an artwork generated by DABUS.
2. The decision held that an AI-generated work is automatically uncopyrightable because it was made by AI.
3. For computer-generated works, Section 2(d)(vi) identifies the person who causes the work to be created as the author.
Answer: A
Explanation:
• The Copyright Office rejected Thaler's application, but not because AI-made works are inherently original or inherently uncopyrightable. It retained the human-authorship principle and referred to Section 2(d)(vi), under which the author of a computer-generated work is the person who causes it to be created. Statements 1 and 3 are correct.
• The Copyright Office rejected Thaler's application, but not because AI-made works are inherently original or inherently uncopyrightable. It retained the human-authorship principle and referred to Section 2(d)(vi), under which the author of a computer-generated work is the person who causes it to be created. Statements 1 and 3 are correct.
Regarding the Vehicle-to-Vehicle (V2V) communication proposal, consider the following:
1. The draft Central Motor Vehicles (Amendment) Rules, 2026 were published by MoRTH.
2. V2V is a sub-category of V2X.
3. V2V is intended to exchange real-time information such as speed, location and braking.
1. The draft Central Motor Vehicles (Amendment) Rules, 2026 were published by MoRTH.
2. V2V is a sub-category of V2X.
3. V2V is intended to exchange real-time information such as speed, location and braking.
Answer: B
Explanation:
• MoRTH published draft Central Motor Vehicles (Amendment) Rules, 2026 on July 22 concerning V2V. V2V is a sub-category of V2X and can exchange data such as speed, location, acceleration and braking. All three statements are correct.
• MoRTH published draft Central Motor Vehicles (Amendment) Rules, 2026 on July 22 concerning V2V. V2V is a sub-category of V2X and can exchange data such as speed, location, acceleration and braking. All three statements are correct.
Consider the following about the sharp-tailed sandpiper:
1. Its scientific name is Calidris acuminata.
2. It breeds in northern Siberia.
3. It is classified as Vulnerable on the IUCN Red List.
1. Its scientific name is Calidris acuminata.
2. It breeds in northern Siberia.
3. It is classified as Vulnerable on the IUCN Red List.
Answer: C
Explanation:
• The sharp-tailed sandpiper, Calidris acuminata, breeds in northern Siberia and migrates through East Asia to Australia and New Zealand. The species is listed as Vulnerable by the IUCN. All three statements are correct.
• The sharp-tailed sandpiper, Calidris acuminata, breeds in northern Siberia and migrates through East Asia to Australia and New Zealand. The species is listed as Vulnerable by the IUCN. All three statements are correct.
Consider the following statements about India's Q1 FY 2026–27 GDP performance:
1. Real GDP growth was 7.8%.
2. Manufacturing growth was 9.2%.
3. Services growth was 10%.
4. Agriculture was the main sector driving the acceleration.
1. Real GDP growth was 7.8%.
2. Manufacturing growth was 9.2%.
3. Services growth was 10%.
4. Agriculture was the main sector driving the acceleration.
Answer: D
Explanation:
• Real GDP grew 7.8%; manufacturing expanded 9.2% and services 10%. The reported account instead described agricultural growth as subdued, while manufacturing and services drove the acceleration. Thus statements 1–3 are correct and statement 4 is not.
• Real GDP grew 7.8%; manufacturing expanded 9.2% and services 10%. The reported account instead described agricultural growth as subdued, while manufacturing and services drove the acceleration. Thus statements 1–3 are correct and statement 4 is not.
Which of the following are features reported for Semicon 2.0?
1. Support for fabrication plants.
2. Support for advanced chip packaging.
3. Access to electronic design automation tools for eligible fabless companies.
4. Exclusive participation by public-sector companies.
1. Support for fabrication plants.
2. Support for advanced chip packaging.
3. Access to electronic design automation tools for eligible fabless companies.
4. Exclusive participation by public-sector companies.
Answer: A
Explanation:
• Semicon 2.0 expands support beyond chip fabrication to equipment, raw materials, advanced packaging and design. Eligible fabless companies can access EDA tools and other design infrastructure. Participation is not restricted to public-sector firms; Indian-owned and controlled private companies can participate. Hence 1, 2 and 3 are correct.
• Semicon 2.0 expands support beyond chip fabrication to equipment, raw materials, advanced packaging and design. Eligible fabless companies can access EDA tools and other design infrastructure. Participation is not restricted to public-sector firms; Indian-owned and controlled private companies can participate. Hence 1, 2 and 3 are correct.
Consider the following about the Nancy Grace Roman Space Telescope:
1. It is named after Nancy Grace Roman.
2. It is intended to study questions involving dark matter and dark energy.
3. It carries a 300-megapixel infrared wide-field instrument.
4. Its field of view is narrower than Hubble's.
1. It is named after Nancy Grace Roman.
2. It is intended to study questions involving dark matter and dark energy.
3. It carries a 300-megapixel infrared wide-field instrument.
4. Its field of view is narrower than Hubble's.
Answer: B
Explanation:
• Roman is named after Nancy Grace Roman and is designed to study dark matter, dark energy and exoplanets. Its wide-field instrument is a 300-megapixel infrared camera. Its field of view is more than 100 times wider than Hubble's, so statement 4 is false.
• Roman is named after Nancy Grace Roman and is designed to study dark matter, dark energy and exoplanets. Its wide-field instrument is a 300-megapixel infrared camera. Its field of view is more than 100 times wider than Hubble's, so statement 4 is false.
Consider the following about EOS-05:
1. It was launched using GSLV-F17.
2. It is intended for geosynchronous operation.
3. It has a reported mission life of 10 years.
4. It was injected directly into its final geostationary orbit by the launch vehicle.
1. It was launched using GSLV-F17.
2. It is intended for geosynchronous operation.
3. It has a reported mission life of 10 years.
4. It was injected directly into its final geostationary orbit by the launch vehicle.
Answer: C
Explanation:
• EOS-05 was launched by GSLV-F17 and is designed for geosynchronous operation with a 10-year mission life. The rocket placed it in a transfer orbit, after which orbit-raising manoeuvres were required. Therefore statement 4 is incorrect.
• EOS-05 was launched by GSLV-F17 and is designed for geosynchronous operation with a 10-year mission life. The rocket placed it in a transfer orbit, after which orbit-raising manoeuvres were required. Therefore statement 4 is incorrect.
Regarding GSLV-F17 and EOS-05, consider the following:
1. GSLV-F17 was described as the 19th flight of India's Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle.
2. EOS-05 weighed more than 2,360 kg.
3. The satellite was placed in a transfer orbit about 18 minutes after launch.
4. EOS-05 was described as India's first dedicated imaging satellite for geosynchronous orbit.
1. GSLV-F17 was described as the 19th flight of India's Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle.
2. EOS-05 weighed more than 2,360 kg.
3. The satellite was placed in a transfer orbit about 18 minutes after launch.
4. EOS-05 was described as India's first dedicated imaging satellite for geosynchronous orbit.
Answer: D
Explanation:
• The Indian Express reported all four details: GSLV-F17 was the 19th GSLV flight; EOS-05 weighed over 2,360 kg; injection into transfer orbit occurred about 18 minutes after launch; and the satellite was India's first dedicated imaging satellite intended for geosynchronous orbit. All four statements are correct.
• The Indian Express reported all four details: GSLV-F17 was the 19th GSLV flight; EOS-05 weighed over 2,360 kg; injection into transfer orbit occurred about 18 minutes after launch; and the satellite was India's first dedicated imaging satellite intended for geosynchronous orbit. All four statements are correct.
Consider the following capabilities associated with INS Nipun:
1. Saturation diving.
2. Heliox diving.
3. Remotely operated underwater systems.
4. A self-propelled hyperbaric lifeboat.
1. Saturation diving.
2. Heliox diving.
3. Remotely operated underwater systems.
4. A self-propelled hyperbaric lifeboat.
Answer: A
Explanation:
• INS Nipun is a diving support vessel equipped for saturation, air and heliox diving, remotely operated underwater systems and a self-propelled hyperbaric lifeboat. These capabilities support deep-sea diving, underwater intervention, rescue and salvage operations. All four statements are correct.
• INS Nipun is a diving support vessel equipped for saturation, air and heliox diving, remotely operated underwater systems and a self-propelled hyperbaric lifeboat. These capabilities support deep-sea diving, underwater intervention, rescue and salvage operations. All four statements are correct.
With reference to diving support vessels, consider the following:
1. They can sustain complex underwater operations.
2. They can support inspection and recovery around ships and submarines.
3. They reduce dependence on shore-based diving facilities.
4. Their principal role is aerial combat over maritime areas.
1. They can sustain complex underwater operations.
2. They can support inspection and recovery around ships and submarines.
3. They reduce dependence on shore-based diving facilities.
4. Their principal role is aerial combat over maritime areas.
Answer: B
Explanation:
• A diving support vessel is a specialised maritime platform for sustained underwater operations, including inspection, repair, intervention and recovery around ships, submarines and other assets. Its support systems reduce reliance on shore facilities. Aerial combat is unrelated to its defining role.
• A diving support vessel is a specialised maritime platform for sustained underwater operations, including inspection, repair, intervention and recovery around ships, submarines and other assets. Its support systems reduce reliance on shore facilities. Aerial combat is unrelated to its defining role.
Consider the following about the sharp-tailed sandpiper sighting in India:
1. It was recorded at Najafgarh Lake.
2. The sighting was described as only the fifth recorded sighting in India.
3. It can use both inland and coastal wetlands.
4. Its main non-breeding grounds include Australia and New Zealand.
1. It was recorded at Najafgarh Lake.
2. The sighting was described as only the fifth recorded sighting in India.
3. It can use both inland and coastal wetlands.
4. Its main non-breeding grounds include Australia and New Zealand.
Answer: C
Explanation:
• The species was spotted at Najafgarh Lake and the report described it as only the fifth recorded sighting in India. It forages in coastal and inland wetlands and migrates to non-breeding grounds mainly in Australia and New Zealand. All four statements are correct.
• The species was spotted at Najafgarh Lake and the report described it as only the fifth recorded sighting in India. It forages in coastal and inland wetlands and migrates to non-breeding grounds mainly in Australia and New Zealand. All four statements are correct.
Consider the following about the Himalayan hanging-glacier study:
1. It identified 219 hanging glaciers in the Alaknanda basin.
2. Nearly one-third of the unstable ice was concentrated in the Upper Alaknanda basin.
3. The study appeared in Nature in April 2026.
4. It found that hanging-glacier break-offs can trigger secondary GLOF hazards.
1. It identified 219 hanging glaciers in the Alaknanda basin.
2. Nearly one-third of the unstable ice was concentrated in the Upper Alaknanda basin.
3. The study appeared in Nature in April 2026.
4. It found that hanging-glacier break-offs can trigger secondary GLOF hazards.
Answer: D
Explanation:
• The April 2026 Nature study identified as many as 219 hanging glaciers in the Alaknanda basin, with nearly a third of unstable ice in the Upper Alaknanda. The report also notes that break-offs can trigger secondary glacial lake outburst floods. All four statements are supported.
• The April 2026 Nature study identified as many as 219 hanging glaciers in the Alaknanda basin, with nearly a third of unstable ice in the Upper Alaknanda. The report also notes that break-offs can trigger secondary glacial lake outburst floods. All four statements are supported.
Consider the following statements about the UNEP 'Limiting Overshoot' report:
1. It says a 1.5°C overshoot is likely unavoidable.
2. It projects peak warming of about 1.8°C even under an optimistic scenario.
3. It treats a single hot year as sufficient to declare the Paris target breached.
4. It recommends cutting emissions now and sustaining net-negative emissions after peak warming.
1. It says a 1.5°C overshoot is likely unavoidable.
2. It projects peak warming of about 1.8°C even under an optimistic scenario.
3. It treats a single hot year as sufficient to declare the Paris target breached.
4. It recommends cutting emissions now and sustaining net-negative emissions after peak warming.
Answer: A
Explanation:
• UNEP's report says overshooting 1.5°C is unavoidable and that warming could peak near 1.8°C even under an optimistic scenario. It stresses that the Paris 1.5°C goal is assessed over long-term warming, not one hot year, and outlines a pathway from emissions cuts to net zero and then net-negative emissions. Thus 1, 2 and 4 are correct.
• UNEP's report says overshooting 1.5°C is unavoidable and that warming could peak near 1.8°C even under an optimistic scenario. It stresses that the Paris 1.5°C goal is assessed over long-term warming, not one hot year, and outlines a pathway from emissions cuts to net zero and then net-negative emissions. Thus 1, 2 and 4 are correct.
Consider the following about the Paris Agreement as discussed in the UNEP report:
1. Article 2 refers to keeping warming well below 2°C.
2. The 1.5°C level is identified as a more desirable goal.
3. The Paris Agreement was signed in 2015.
4. It makes 1.5°C a threshold that must never be crossed even temporarily in any single year.
1. Article 2 refers to keeping warming well below 2°C.
2. The 1.5°C level is identified as a more desirable goal.
3. The Paris Agreement was signed in 2015.
4. It makes 1.5°C a threshold that must never be crossed even temporarily in any single year.
Answer: B
Explanation:
• The Paris Agreement, adopted in 2015, commits parties to keep warming well below 2°C and pursue efforts toward 1.5°C. UNEP stresses that the target concerns long-term warming rather than a one-year threshold that can never be exceeded. Hence 1–3 are correct and 4 is false.
• The Paris Agreement, adopted in 2015, commits parties to keep warming well below 2°C and pursue efforts toward 1.5°C. UNEP stresses that the target concerns long-term warming rather than a one-year threshold that can never be exceeded. Hence 1–3 are correct and 4 is false.
Consider the following about the Sardar Patel National Unity Award:
1. It was instituted by the Ministry of Home Affairs.
2. It was instituted in 2019.
3. The first award is expected to be announced on October 31, 2026.
4. The award carries a mandatory cash prize.
1. It was instituted by the Ministry of Home Affairs.
2. It was instituted in 2019.
3. The first award is expected to be announced on October 31, 2026.
4. The award carries a mandatory cash prize.
Answer: C
Explanation:
• The award was instituted by the Ministry of Home Affairs in September 2019, and the first tranche is expected to be announced on October 31, 2026. The 2019 notification specifies a medal and citation but no monetary grant or cash award. Thus 1–3 are correct and 4 is false.
• The award was instituted by the Ministry of Home Affairs in September 2019, and the first tranche is expected to be announced on October 31, 2026. The 2019 notification specifies a medal and citation but no monetary grant or cash award. Thus 1–3 are correct and 4 is false.
Consider the following about Air Vice Marshal Shakti Sharma:
1. She became the first woman non-medical officer in the Indian defence forces to reach Air Vice Marshal or equivalent rank.
2. She was commissioned into the Education Branch of the IAF.
3. She assumed charge as Assistant Chief of the Air Staff (Education).
4. She was commissioned after 2010.
1. She became the first woman non-medical officer in the Indian defence forces to reach Air Vice Marshal or equivalent rank.
2. She was commissioned into the Education Branch of the IAF.
3. She assumed charge as Assistant Chief of the Air Staff (Education).
4. She was commissioned after 2010.
Answer: D
Explanation:
• Air Vice Marshal Shakti Sharma was reported as the first woman non-medical officer in the Indian defence forces to reach Air Vice Marshal or equivalent. She was commissioned into the IAF Education Branch in 1994 and later became Assistant Chief of the Air Staff (Education). Statement 4 is therefore false.
• Air Vice Marshal Shakti Sharma was reported as the first woman non-medical officer in the Indian defence forces to reach Air Vice Marshal or equivalent. She was commissioned into the IAF Education Branch in 1994 and later became Assistant Chief of the Air Staff (Education). Statement 4 is therefore false.
Consider the following about the Ramon Magsaysay Awards mentioned in recent coverage:
1. They were first given in 1958.
2. The award is associated with the Philippines.
3. Tommy Koh was recognised for promoting international dialogue and the rule of law.
4. The awards are formally conferred by the United Nations.
1. They were first given in 1958.
2. The award is associated with the Philippines.
3. Tommy Koh was recognised for promoting international dialogue and the rule of law.
4. The awards are formally conferred by the United Nations.
Answer: A
Explanation:
• The Ramon Magsaysay Award was first given in 1958 and is named after a former Philippine president. Recent winners included Singaporean diplomat Tommy Koh, recognised for international dialogue and the rule of law. The award is not a UN award. Hence 1–3 are correct.
• The Ramon Magsaysay Award was first given in 1958 and is named after a former Philippine president. Recent winners included Singaporean diplomat Tommy Koh, recognised for international dialogue and the rule of law. The award is not a UN award. Hence 1–3 are correct.
Consider the following about Rajnath Singh's Sri Lanka visit:
1. It is scheduled as a three-day official visit.
2. It is the first visit by an Indian defence minister to Sri Lanka for defence-level talks in 38 years.
3. K. C. Pant visited Sri Lanka for defence talks in 1988.
4. The visit excludes engagement with the Indian diaspora.
1. It is scheduled as a three-day official visit.
2. It is the first visit by an Indian defence minister to Sri Lanka for defence-level talks in 38 years.
3. K. C. Pant visited Sri Lanka for defence talks in 1988.
4. The visit excludes engagement with the Indian diaspora.
Answer: B
Explanation:
• Rajnath Singh's three-day visit is described by TOI as the first Indian defence minister's visit to Sri Lanka for defence-level talks in 38 years; K. C. Pant had made such a visit in 1988. The defence ministry also said Singh would interact with the Indian diaspora in Colombo. Therefore 1–3 are correct.
• Rajnath Singh's three-day visit is described by TOI as the first Indian defence minister's visit to Sri Lanka for defence-level talks in 38 years; K. C. Pant had made such a visit in 1988. The defence ministry also said Singh would interact with the Indian diaspora in Colombo. Therefore 1–3 are correct.
Consider the following about the UN Equal Earth map resolution:
1. India voted in favour.
2. The resolution was adopted with 164 votes in favour.
3. The United States voted against.
4. The resolution itself legally settles international boundaries.
1. India voted in favour.
2. The resolution was adopted with 164 votes in favour.
3. The United States voted against.
4. The resolution itself legally settles international boundaries.
Answer: C
Explanation:
• The UN General Assembly resolution was adopted with 164 votes in favour, including India, while the United States voted against and six countries abstained. The resolution concerns cartographic representation; it does not itself settle sovereignty or international boundaries. Hence statements 1–3 are correct.
• The UN General Assembly resolution was adopted with 164 votes in favour, including India, while the United States voted against and six countries abstained. The resolution concerns cartographic representation; it does not itself settle sovereignty or international boundaries. Hence statements 1–3 are correct.
Consider the following about India's position on the UN-backed map:
1. India supported the equal-area map resolution.
2. India said Jammu & Kashmir and Ladakh must be depicted according to its official map.
3. India said the resolution endorses one specific map for all states.
4. India described its position on territorial integrity as non-negotiable.
1. India supported the equal-area map resolution.
2. India said Jammu & Kashmir and Ladakh must be depicted according to its official map.
3. India said the resolution endorses one specific map for all states.
4. India described its position on territorial integrity as non-negotiable.
Answer: D
Explanation:
• India voted for the equal-area resolution but separately stressed that any UN-backed depiction must conform to India's official map, including Jammu & Kashmir and Ladakh. The MEA also clarified that the resolution does not endorse a specific map. Therefore 1, 2 and 4 are correct.
• India voted for the equal-area resolution but separately stressed that any UN-backed depiction must conform to India's official map, including Jammu & Kashmir and Ladakh. The MEA also clarified that the resolution does not endorse a specific map. Therefore 1, 2 and 4 are correct.
Assertion (A): The SCO has amended its Charter to include English as an official and working language.
Reason (R): English was added to facilitate wider institutional and working communication among the expanded membership.
Reason (R): English was added to facilitate wider institutional and working communication among the expanded membership.
Answer: A
Explanation:
• The recent SCO coverage records an amendment adding English as an official and working language. The stated institutional context is the organisation's expanded membership and need for wider working communication. The reason therefore explains the reported Charter change.
• The recent SCO coverage records an amendment adding English as an official and working language. The stated institutional context is the organisation's expanded membership and need for wider working communication. The reason therefore explains the reported Charter change.
Assertion (A): Services contributed more than manufacturing to India's Q1 FY 2026–27 growth momentum.
Reason (R): The tertiary sector expanded 10%, compared with 9.2% growth in manufacturing.
Reason (R): The tertiary sector expanded 10%, compared with 9.2% growth in manufacturing.
Answer: B
Explanation:
• The reported Q1 data show services growth of 10% and manufacturing growth of 9.2%. The comparison directly supports the assertion that services grew faster than manufacturing. The reason is therefore a factual explanation of the assertion.
• The reported Q1 data show services growth of 10% and manufacturing growth of 9.2%. The comparison directly supports the assertion that services grew faster than manufacturing. The reason is therefore a factual explanation of the assertion.
Assertion (A): EOS-05 can provide continuous observation of the same region once in geosynchronous orbit.
Reason (R): A geosynchronous satellite can remain stationary relative to the Earth when its orbit is suitably configured.
Reason (R): A geosynchronous satellite can remain stationary relative to the Earth when its orbit is suitably configured.
Answer: C
Explanation:
• The Indian Express explains that EOS-05 is intended for geosynchronous operation so that it can keep watching the same region continuously. The physical basis is the satellite's relative stationarity with respect to Earth in the appropriate geosynchronous configuration. Hence both statements are true and related causally.
• The Indian Express explains that EOS-05 is intended for geosynchronous operation so that it can keep watching the same region continuously. The physical basis is the satellite's relative stationarity with respect to Earth in the appropriate geosynchronous configuration. Hence both statements are true and related causally.
Assertion (A): V2V communication is part of the Intelligent Transport System framework.
Reason (R): V2V is a sub-category of Vehicle-to-Everything communication.
Reason (R): V2V is a sub-category of Vehicle-to-Everything communication.
Answer: D
Explanation:
• The reported road-safety proposal places V2V under V2X, which in turn falls within the broader Intelligent Transport System framework. Thus the reason correctly explains why V2V is treated as part of ITS.
• The reported road-safety proposal places V2V under V2X, which in turn falls within the broader Intelligent Transport System framework. Thus the reason correctly explains why V2V is treated as part of ITS.
Assertion (A): Hanging glaciers can create cascading hazards beyond the initial ice break-off.
Reason (R): Break-offs can trigger secondary glacial lake outburst flood events.
Reason (R): Break-offs can trigger secondary glacial lake outburst flood events.
Answer: A
Explanation:
• The Himalayan glacier study highlighted that hanging-glacier break-offs can generate avalanche flows and may also trigger secondary hazards such as glacial lake outburst floods. The reason directly identifies one mechanism behind the assertion.
• The Himalayan glacier study highlighted that hanging-glacier break-offs can generate avalanche flows and may also trigger secondary hazards such as glacial lake outburst floods. The reason directly identifies one mechanism behind the assertion.
Assertion (A): The 1.5°C Paris temperature goal should not be interpreted as a one-year ceiling.
Reason (R): The goal concerns long-term warming measured over decades.
Reason (R): The goal concerns long-term warming measured over decades.
Answer: B
Explanation:
• The UNEP discussion explicitly distinguishes long-term warming from a single hot calendar year. A temporary annual exceedance does not by itself establish that the Paris temperature goal has been breached. The reason directly explains the assertion.
• The UNEP discussion explicitly distinguishes long-term warming from a single hot calendar year. A temporary annual exceedance does not by itself establish that the Paris temperature goal has been breached. The reason directly explains the assertion.
Assertion (A): The Sardar Patel National Unity Award does not ordinarily carry a cash component.
Reason (R): The 2019 notification provides for a medal and citation rather than a monetary grant.
Reason (R): The 2019 notification provides for a medal and citation rather than a monetary grant.
Answer: C
Explanation:
• The Indian Express cites the 2019 notification, which provides for a medal and citation and no monetary grant or cash award. This directly supports the assertion. The award's design and eligibility are separate issues.
• The Indian Express cites the 2019 notification, which provides for a medal and citation and no monetary grant or cash award. This directly supports the assertion. The award's design and eligibility are separate issues.
Assertion (A): INS Nipun can support sustained underwater operations without relying entirely on shore-based facilities.
Reason (R): A diving support vessel carries specialised diving, medical and operational support systems.
Reason (R): A diving support vessel carries specialised diving, medical and operational support systems.
Answer: D
Explanation:
• A DSV is designed to sustain complex underwater operations through onboard diving systems, life-support, medical and operational facilities. INS Nipun has these specialised capabilities. The reason therefore explains its ability to operate with reduced dependence on shore facilities.
• A DSV is designed to sustain complex underwater operations through onboard diving systems, life-support, medical and operational facilities. INS Nipun has these specialised capabilities. The reason therefore explains its ability to operate with reduced dependence on shore facilities.
Assertion (A): The UN Equal Earth resolution does not itself determine India's international boundaries.
Reason (R): The resolution concerns cartographic representation rather than a binding adjudication of sovereignty.
Reason (R): The resolution concerns cartographic representation rather than a binding adjudication of sovereignty.
Answer: A
Explanation:
• The reporting makes clear that the UN resolution promotes a more accurate equal-area representation and does not endorse a specific map. A General Assembly cartographic resolution is not a boundary adjudication. The reason therefore explains the assertion.
• The reporting makes clear that the UN resolution promotes a more accurate equal-area representation and does not endorse a specific map. A General Assembly cartographic resolution is not a boundary adjudication. The reason therefore explains the assertion.
Match the SCO developments with their details:
List I (Item) | List II (Description)
1. Shanghai Five — 1996 grouping preceding the SCO
2. SCO founded — 2001 in Shanghai
3. India and Pakistan — Full members since 2017
4. Belarus — Joined as a full member in 2024
List I (Item) | List II (Description)
1. Shanghai Five — 1996 grouping preceding the SCO
2. SCO founded — 2001 in Shanghai
3. India and Pakistan — Full members since 2017
4. Belarus — Joined as a full member in 2024
Answer: B
Explanation:
• The Shanghai Five dates to 1996; the SCO was founded in Shanghai in 2001; India and Pakistan became full members in 2017; Belarus joined in 2024. The first option preserves all four reported pairings.
• The Shanghai Five dates to 1996; the SCO was founded in Shanghai in 2001; India and Pakistan became full members in 2017; Belarus joined in 2024. The first option preserves all four reported pairings.
Match the Semicon 2.0 components with the associated function:
List I (Item) | List II (Description)
1. C-DAC — Issues RFPs and selects developers for specified projects
2. EDA tools — Design-support infrastructure for eligible fabless firms
3. IP cores — Building blocks used in chip design
4. Post-silicon validation — Part of the support offered to eligible design firms
List I (Item) | List II (Description)
1. C-DAC — Issues RFPs and selects developers for specified projects
2. EDA tools — Design-support infrastructure for eligible fabless firms
3. IP cores — Building blocks used in chip design
4. Post-silicon validation — Part of the support offered to eligible design firms
Answer: C
Explanation:
• The operational framework places C-DAC in the competitive selection process and lists EDA tools, IP cores, compute subsystems and post-silicon validation among the design-support components. The first mapping follows the reported structure.
• The operational framework places C-DAC in the competitive selection process and lists EDA tools, IP cores, compute subsystems and post-silicon validation among the design-support components. The first mapping follows the reported structure.
Match the Earth-observation concepts with their characteristics:
List I (Item) | List II (Description)
1. Geosynchronous orbit — Can remain aligned with a recurring Earth position
2. EOS-05 — Dedicated imaging satellite intended for geosynchronous operation
3. Transfer orbit — Intermediate orbit before final orbit raising
4. LEO Earth observation — Satellite periodically passes over regions rather than remaining fixed relative to them
List I (Item) | List II (Description)
1. Geosynchronous orbit — Can remain aligned with a recurring Earth position
2. EOS-05 — Dedicated imaging satellite intended for geosynchronous operation
3. Transfer orbit — Intermediate orbit before final orbit raising
4. LEO Earth observation — Satellite periodically passes over regions rather than remaining fixed relative to them
Answer: D
Explanation:
• EOS-05 was placed into a transfer orbit before planned orbit-raising to geosynchronous orbit. The report contrasts this continuous-watch capability with lower-Earth-orbit satellites that periodically capture imagery. The first mapping is consistent with those distinctions.
• EOS-05 was placed into a transfer orbit before planned orbit-raising to geosynchronous orbit. The report contrasts this continuous-watch capability with lower-Earth-orbit satellites that periodically capture imagery. The first mapping is consistent with those distinctions.
Match the INS Nipun capabilities with their operational meaning:
List I (Item) | List II (Description)
1. Saturation diving — Supports extended deep-diving operations
2. Heliox diving — Uses a helium–oxygen breathing mixture
3. Hyperbaric lifeboat — Supports evacuation of divers under pressure
4. Dynamic positioning — Helps maintain precise position at sea
List I (Item) | List II (Description)
1. Saturation diving — Supports extended deep-diving operations
2. Heliox diving — Uses a helium–oxygen breathing mixture
3. Hyperbaric lifeboat — Supports evacuation of divers under pressure
4. Dynamic positioning — Helps maintain precise position at sea
Answer: A
Explanation:
• INS Nipun's reported equipment is designed for specialised diving and station-keeping. Saturation diving supports extended operations; heliox uses a helium–oxygen mixture; a hyperbaric lifeboat is intended for pressurised evacuation; dynamic positioning helps maintain position. The first option correctly matches them.
• INS Nipun's reported equipment is designed for specialised diving and station-keeping. Saturation diving supports extended operations; heliox uses a helium–oxygen mixture; a hyperbaric lifeboat is intended for pressurised evacuation; dynamic positioning helps maintain position. The first option correctly matches them.
Match the environmental topic with its location:
List I (Item) | List II (Description)
1. Sharp-tailed sandpiper — Najafgarh Lake
2. Hanging glaciers — Alaknanda basin
3. Anak Krakatau — Indonesia
4. Gandak River — Tibet–Nepal/India river system
List I (Item) | List II (Description)
1. Sharp-tailed sandpiper — Najafgarh Lake
2. Hanging glaciers — Alaknanda basin
3. Anak Krakatau — Indonesia
4. Gandak River — Tibet–Nepal/India river system
Answer: B
Explanation:
• The rare sandpiper was recorded at Najafgarh Lake; the hanging-glacier study examined the Alaknanda basin; Anak Krakatau is in Indonesia; and the Gandak originates in Tibet and enters India through the Nepal region. The first option is the correct mapping.
• The rare sandpiper was recorded at Najafgarh Lake; the hanging-glacier study examined the Alaknanda basin; Anak Krakatau is in Indonesia; and the Gandak originates in Tibet and enters India through the Nepal region. The first option is the correct mapping.
Match the Paris Agreement concepts with the associated idea:
List I (Item) | List II (Description)
1. Article 2 — Well below 2°C and pursuing 1.5°C
2. 1.5°C — More desirable temperature goal
3. Long-term warming — Basis for interpreting the temperature goal
4. Net-negative emissions — Part of the pathway after peak warming in the UNEP discussion
List I (Item) | List II (Description)
1. Article 2 — Well below 2°C and pursuing 1.5°C
2. 1.5°C — More desirable temperature goal
3. Long-term warming — Basis for interpreting the temperature goal
4. Net-negative emissions — Part of the pathway after peak warming in the UNEP discussion
Answer: C
Explanation:
• The UNEP explainer links Article 2 to the well-below-2°C objective and pursuit of 1.5°C. It stresses long-term warming rather than one-year averages and describes net-negative emissions as a post-peak step. The first mapping is correct.
• The UNEP explainer links Article 2 to the well-below-2°C objective and pursuit of 1.5°C. It stresses long-term warming rather than one-year averages and describes net-negative emissions as a post-peak step. The first mapping is correct.
Match the Sardar Patel National Unity Award elements:
List I (Item) | List II (Description)
1. Instituted — 2019
2. First award expected — 31 October 2026
3. Award form — Medal and citation
4. Cash grant — Not attached under the notification
List I (Item) | List II (Description)
1. Instituted — 2019
2. First award expected — 31 October 2026
3. Award form — Medal and citation
4. Cash grant — Not attached under the notification
Answer: D
Explanation:
• The award was instituted in 2019, its first award is expected on October 31, 2026, and the notification provides for a medal and citation without a monetary grant. The first option correctly links all four elements.
• The award was instituted in 2019, its first award is expected on October 31, 2026, and the notification provides for a medal and citation without a monetary grant. The first option correctly links all four elements.
Match the recent India–Belgium cooperation areas:
List I (Item) | List II (Description)
1. Defence — Structural cooperation framework through a Letter of Intent
2. Semiconductors — Enhanced partnership
3. Renewable energy — Proposed bilateral cooperation
4. Investment — Fast-track mechanism
List I (Item) | List II (Description)
1. Defence — Structural cooperation framework through a Letter of Intent
2. Semiconductors — Enhanced partnership
3. Renewable energy — Proposed bilateral cooperation
4. Investment — Fast-track mechanism
Answer: A
Explanation:
• The September 4 India–Belgium meeting produced or discussed a defence Letter of Intent, semiconductor cooperation, a renewable-energy pact and an investment fast-track mechanism. The first option correctly maps each area.
• The September 4 India–Belgium meeting produced or discussed a defence Letter of Intent, semiconductor cooperation, a renewable-energy pact and an investment fast-track mechanism. The first option correctly maps each area.
Match the recent awards/persons with their descriptions:
List I (Item) | List II (Description)
1. Tommy Koh — Singaporean lawyer and diplomat
2. Bo Kyi — Myanmar human-rights activist
3. Runa Khan — Bangladeshi social-sector leader
4. Shakti Sharma — Indian Air Vice Marshal
List I (Item) | List II (Description)
1. Tommy Koh — Singaporean lawyer and diplomat
2. Bo Kyi — Myanmar human-rights activist
3. Runa Khan — Bangladeshi social-sector leader
4. Shakti Sharma — Indian Air Vice Marshal
Answer: B
Explanation:
• The recent coverage identifies Tommy Koh, Bo Kyi and Runa Khan among the Ramon Magsaysay Awardees, while Shakti Sharma is the Indian Air Vice Marshal highlighted separately. The first mapping correctly distinguishes the individuals.
• The recent coverage identifies Tommy Koh, Bo Kyi and Runa Khan among the Ramon Magsaysay Awardees, while Shakti Sharma is the Indian Air Vice Marshal highlighted separately. The first mapping correctly distinguishes the individuals.
Match the legal provision with its subject:
List I (Item) | List II (Description)
1. Article 142 — Supreme Court's power to do complete justice
2. Article 124(3) — Qualifications/route including distinguished jurist for Supreme Court appointment
3. Article 217 — Appointment/conditions of High Court judges
4. Section 2(d)(vi), Copyright Act — Author of a computer-generated work is the person who causes it to be created
List I (Item) | List II (Description)
1. Article 142 — Supreme Court's power to do complete justice
2. Article 124(3) — Qualifications/route including distinguished jurist for Supreme Court appointment
3. Article 217 — Appointment/conditions of High Court judges
4. Section 2(d)(vi), Copyright Act — Author of a computer-generated work is the person who causes it to be created
Answer: C
Explanation:
• Recent Indian Express explainers linked Article 142 to complete justice, Article 124(3) to the distinguished-jurist route for Supreme Court judges, Article 217 to High Court judges and Section 2(d)(vi) to authorship of computer-generated works. The first mapping is correct.
• Recent Indian Express explainers linked Article 142 to complete justice, Article 124(3) to the distinguished-jurist route for Supreme Court judges, Article 217 to High Court judges and Section 2(d)(vi) to authorship of computer-generated works. The first mapping is correct.
Match the rivers or water arrangements with the relevant detail:
List I (Item) | List II (Description)
1. Sone — Recent Bihar–Jharkhand water-sharing MoU
2. Indus — Six-river system governed by the 1960 treaty
3. Gandak — Rises near Dhaulagiri in Tibet
4. Eastern rivers under IWT — Ravi, Beas and Sutlej
List I (Item) | List II (Description)
1. Sone — Recent Bihar–Jharkhand water-sharing MoU
2. Indus — Six-river system governed by the 1960 treaty
3. Gandak — Rises near Dhaulagiri in Tibet
4. Eastern rivers under IWT — Ravi, Beas and Sutlej
Answer: D
Explanation:
• The Sone item concerns the Bihar–Jharkhand MoU; the Indus system has six rivers; the Gandak originates near Dhaulagiri in Tibet; and the eastern rivers under the IWT are Ravi, Beas and Sutlej. The first option matches each item.
• The Sone item concerns the Bihar–Jharkhand MoU; the Indus system has six rivers; the Gandak originates near Dhaulagiri in Tibet; and the eastern rivers under the IWT are Ravi, Beas and Sutlej. The first option matches each item.
Match the news development with its institutional actor:
List I (Item) | List II (Description)
1. Semicon 2.0 developer selection — C-DAC
2. IST scientific standards — CSIR-NPL
3. V2V draft vehicle rules — MoRTH
4. Sardar Patel National Unity Award — Ministry of Home Affairs
List I (Item) | List II (Description)
1. Semicon 2.0 developer selection — C-DAC
2. IST scientific standards — CSIR-NPL
3. V2V draft vehicle rules — MoRTH
4. Sardar Patel National Unity Award — Ministry of Home Affairs
Answer: A
Explanation:
• The current-affairs reports assign these roles to C-DAC, CSIR-NPL, MoRTH and the Ministry of Home Affairs respectively. Distinguishing scientific standard-setting, policy rule-making and award administration is useful for UPSC elimination.
• The current-affairs reports assign these roles to C-DAC, CSIR-NPL, MoRTH and the Ministry of Home Affairs respectively. Distinguishing scientific standard-setting, policy rule-making and award administration is useful for UPSC elimination.
Match the Sri Lanka visit details:
List I (Item) | List II (Description)
1. Visiting minister — Rajnath Singh
2. Duration — Three days
3. Indian defence minister's comparable defence-talks visit — K. C. Pant in 1988
4. Diaspora engagement — Colombo
List I (Item) | List II (Description)
1. Visiting minister — Rajnath Singh
2. Duration — Three days
3. Indian defence minister's comparable defence-talks visit — K. C. Pant in 1988
4. Diaspora engagement — Colombo
Answer: B
Explanation:
• TOI reports Rajnath Singh's three-day Sri Lanka visit, notes K. C. Pant's 1988 defence-level visit, and says Singh will interact with the Indian diaspora in Colombo. The first option correctly maps the four details.
• TOI reports Rajnath Singh's three-day Sri Lanka visit, notes K. C. Pant's 1988 defence-level visit, and says Singh will interact with the Indian diaspora in Colombo. The first option correctly maps the four details.
Consider the following pairs:
1. Semicon 2.0 — ₹1.27 lakh crore
2. Sone water MoU — 5.75 MAF to Bihar
3. EOS-05 — 10-year mission life
4. Sardar Patel National Unity Award — Mandatory cash grant
Which of the pairs given above are correctly matched?
1. Semicon 2.0 — ₹1.27 lakh crore
2. Sone water MoU — 5.75 MAF to Bihar
3. EOS-05 — 10-year mission life
4. Sardar Patel National Unity Award — Mandatory cash grant
Which of the pairs given above are correctly matched?
Answer: C
Explanation:
• Semicon 2.0 carries an outlay of about ₹1.27 lakh crore; Bihar's Sone allocation is 5.75 MAF; EOS-05 has a reported 10-year mission life. The Sardar Patel award does not carry a cash grant under its notification. Hence only pairs 1–3 are correct.
• Semicon 2.0 carries an outlay of about ₹1.27 lakh crore; Bihar's Sone allocation is 5.75 MAF; EOS-05 has a reported 10-year mission life. The Sardar Patel award does not carry a cash grant under its notification. Hence only pairs 1–3 are correct.
Consider the following pairs:
1. Sharp-tailed sandpiper — Calidris acuminata
2. Roman Space Telescope — Lagrange Point 2
3. INS Nipun — Diving support vessel
4. V2V — Vehicle-to-Energy communication
Which of the pairs given above are correctly matched?
1. Sharp-tailed sandpiper — Calidris acuminata
2. Roman Space Telescope — Lagrange Point 2
3. INS Nipun — Diving support vessel
4. V2V — Vehicle-to-Energy communication
Which of the pairs given above are correctly matched?
Answer: D
Explanation:
• The sharp-tailed sandpiper is Calidris acuminata; Roman is designed for L2; INS Nipun is a diving support vessel. V2V means vehicle-to-vehicle, not vehicle-to-energy. Thus pairs 1, 2 and 3 are correct.
• The sharp-tailed sandpiper is Calidris acuminata; Roman is designed for L2; INS Nipun is a diving support vessel. V2V means vehicle-to-vehicle, not vehicle-to-energy. Thus pairs 1, 2 and 3 are correct.
Consider the following pairs:
1. Tommy Koh — Ramon Magsaysay Award
2. Shakti Sharma — Air Vice Marshal
3. Bo Kyi — Myanmar
4. Runa Khan — Bangladesh
Which of the pairs are correctly matched?
1. Tommy Koh — Ramon Magsaysay Award
2. Shakti Sharma — Air Vice Marshal
3. Bo Kyi — Myanmar
4. Runa Khan — Bangladesh
Which of the pairs are correctly matched?
Answer: A
Explanation:
• The recent coverage identifies Tommy Koh, Bo Kyi and Runa Khan as Ramon Magsaysay Awardees from Singapore, Myanmar and Bangladesh respectively, while Shakti Sharma is an Indian Air Vice Marshal. All four pairs are correctly matched.
• The recent coverage identifies Tommy Koh, Bo Kyi and Runa Khan as Ramon Magsaysay Awardees from Singapore, Myanmar and Bangladesh respectively, while Shakti Sharma is an Indian Air Vice Marshal. All four pairs are correctly matched.
Consider the following pairs:
1. Eastern rivers of IWT — Ravi, Beas, Sutlej
2. Western rivers of IWT — Indus, Jhelum, Chenab
3. World Bank — Mediated the 1960 Indus Waters Treaty
4. Permanent Court of Arbitration — India's chosen forum for the recent treaty arbitration
Which of the pairs are correctly matched?
1. Eastern rivers of IWT — Ravi, Beas, Sutlej
2. Western rivers of IWT — Indus, Jhelum, Chenab
3. World Bank — Mediated the 1960 Indus Waters Treaty
4. Permanent Court of Arbitration — India's chosen forum for the recent treaty arbitration
Which of the pairs are correctly matched?
Answer: B
Explanation:
• The first three pairings are correct. India has not participated in the recent Court of Arbitration process and has questioned its jurisdiction, while maintaining that a neutral expert route was the appropriate mechanism. Thus pair 4 is incorrect.
• The first three pairings are correct. India has not participated in the recent Court of Arbitration process and has questioned its jurisdiction, while maintaining that a neutral expert route was the appropriate mechanism. Thus pair 4 is incorrect.
Consider the following pairs:
1. C-DAC — MeitY/IT Ministry ecosystem
2. CSIR-NPL — National Metrology Institute
3. MoRTH — V2V road-safety proposal
4. NDRF — Scientific management of India's standard time
Which of the pairs are correctly matched?
1. C-DAC — MeitY/IT Ministry ecosystem
2. CSIR-NPL — National Metrology Institute
3. MoRTH — V2V road-safety proposal
4. NDRF — Scientific management of India's standard time
Which of the pairs are correctly matched?
Answer: C
Explanation:
• C-DAC is under the IT Ministry, CSIR-NPL is India's National Metrology Institute, and MoRTH is responsible for the V2V road-safety proposal. NDRF has no role as the national scientific time-standards institution. Therefore 1–3 are correct.
• C-DAC is under the IT Ministry, CSIR-NPL is India's National Metrology Institute, and MoRTH is responsible for the V2V road-safety proposal. NDRF has no role as the national scientific time-standards institution. Therefore 1–3 are correct.
Consider the following pairs:
1. EOS-05 — Earth observation
2. Roman — Dark energy studies
3. INS Nipun — Underwater intervention
4. Sharp-tailed sandpiper — Resident desert bird of India
Which of the pairs are correctly matched?
1. EOS-05 — Earth observation
2. Roman — Dark energy studies
3. INS Nipun — Underwater intervention
4. Sharp-tailed sandpiper — Resident desert bird of India
Which of the pairs are correctly matched?
Answer: D
Explanation:
• EOS-05 is an Earth-observation satellite; Roman is intended to study phenomena including dark energy; INS Nipun supports underwater intervention. The sharp-tailed sandpiper is a rare migratory visitor, not a resident desert bird. Hence 1–3 are correct.
• EOS-05 is an Earth-observation satellite; Roman is intended to study phenomena including dark energy; INS Nipun supports underwater intervention. The sharp-tailed sandpiper is a rare migratory visitor, not a resident desert bird. Hence 1–3 are correct.
Consider the following pairs:
1. UNEP 'Limiting Overshoot' — 1.5°C warming
2. Equal Earth — World map projection
3. Semicon 2.0 — Semiconductor ecosystem
4. Sone MoU — Bihar–Jharkhand water sharing
Which of the pairs are correctly matched?
1. UNEP 'Limiting Overshoot' — 1.5°C warming
2. Equal Earth — World map projection
3. Semicon 2.0 — Semiconductor ecosystem
4. Sone MoU — Bihar–Jharkhand water sharing
Which of the pairs are correctly matched?
Answer: A
Explanation:
• All four pairings are directly linked to the recent reports: UNEP's climate report, the UN Equal Earth resolution, India's semiconductor programme and the Bihar–Jharkhand Sone water-sharing agreement. Therefore all four are correctly matched.
• All four pairings are directly linked to the recent reports: UNEP's climate report, the UN Equal Earth resolution, India's semiconductor programme and the Bihar–Jharkhand Sone water-sharing agreement. Therefore all four are correctly matched.
Consider the following pairs:
1. 2019 — Sardar Patel National Unity Award instituted
2. 2026 — First award expected
3. October 31 — Date associated with the first award announcement
4. Padma Vibhushan — Statutory name of the award
Which of the pairs are correctly matched?
1. 2019 — Sardar Patel National Unity Award instituted
2. 2026 — First award expected
3. October 31 — Date associated with the first award announcement
4. Padma Vibhushan — Statutory name of the award
Which of the pairs are correctly matched?
Answer: B
Explanation:
• The award was instituted in 2019, and the first award is expected on October 31, 2026. Sources said it may be considered equivalent to the Padma Vibhushan in status, but that is not its statutory name. Thus only 1–3 are correct.
• The award was instituted in 2019, and the first award is expected on October 31, 2026. Sources said it may be considered equivalent to the Padma Vibhushan in status, but that is not its statutory name. Thus only 1–3 are correct.
Consider the following pairs:
1. Satya Niketan — South Delhi
2. Rajnath Singh's visit — Sri Lanka
3. India–China Corps Commander talks — Arunachal Pradesh
4. Equal Earth resolution — UN General Assembly
Which of the pairs are correctly matched?
1. Satya Niketan — South Delhi
2. Rajnath Singh's visit — Sri Lanka
3. India–China Corps Commander talks — Arunachal Pradesh
4. Equal Earth resolution — UN General Assembly
Which of the pairs are correctly matched?
Answer: C
Explanation:
• Recent reports place the Satya Niketan collapse in South Delhi, Rajnath Singh's scheduled visit in Sri Lanka, the latest Corps Commander-level talks in Arunachal Pradesh, and the Equal Earth resolution in the UN General Assembly. All four pairings are correct.
• Recent reports place the Satya Niketan collapse in South Delhi, Rajnath Singh's scheduled visit in Sri Lanka, the latest Corps Commander-level talks in Arunachal Pradesh, and the Equal Earth resolution in the UN General Assembly. All four pairings are correct.
Study the following reported Q1 FY 2026–27 growth data:
Sector/indicator | Growth
Real GDP | 7.8%
Manufacturing | 9.2%
Services | 10%
Gross fixed capital formation | nearly 12%
Which inference is most consistent with the data?
Sector/indicator | Growth
Real GDP | 7.8%
Manufacturing | 9.2%
Services | 10%
Gross fixed capital formation | nearly 12%
Which inference is most consistent with the data?
Answer: D
Explanation:
• The reported data show services at 10%, manufacturing at 9.2% and gross fixed capital formation at nearly 12%, with the latter described as a key investment proxy. The data therefore support the inference that services outpaced manufacturing and investment was an important growth support.
• The reported data show services at 10%, manufacturing at 9.2% and gross fixed capital formation at nearly 12%, with the latter described as a key investment proxy. The data therefore support the inference that services outpaced manufacturing and investment was an important growth support.
Study the following comparison of the Sone water-sharing MoU:
State | Reported allocation
Bihar | 5.75 MAF
Jharkhand | 2 MAF
Which conclusion follows most directly from the reported figures?
State | Reported allocation
Bihar | 5.75 MAF
Jharkhand | 2 MAF
Which conclusion follows most directly from the reported figures?
Answer: A
Explanation:
• The reported allocations are 5.75 MAF for Bihar and 2 MAF for Jharkhand. Subtracting 2 from 5.75 gives a difference of 3.75 MAF in favour of Bihar. The figures therefore support only the first inference.
• The reported allocations are 5.75 MAF for Bihar and 2 MAF for Jharkhand. Subtracting 2 from 5.75 gives a difference of 3.75 MAF in favour of Bihar. The figures therefore support only the first inference.
Study the following features of the Roman Space Telescope:
Feature | Reported value
Mass | About 8,000 kg
L2 distance from Earth | About 1.2 million km
Wide-field camera | 300 megapixels
Field of view | More than 100 times Hubble's
Which statement is correct?
Feature | Reported value
Mass | About 8,000 kg
L2 distance from Earth | About 1.2 million km
Wide-field camera | 300 megapixels
Field of view | More than 100 times Hubble's
Which statement is correct?
Answer: B
Explanation:
• The Roman telescope is described as carrying a 300-megapixel infrared wide-field camera and having a field of view more than 100 times wider than Hubble's. The other options contradict the reported mass, operating location or field-of-view comparison.
• The Roman telescope is described as carrying a 300-megapixel infrared wide-field camera and having a field of view more than 100 times wider than Hubble's. The other options contradict the reported mass, operating location or field-of-view comparison.
Case Study:
A policy analyst is assessing a new national semiconductor programme. The programme has six support pillars, with at least three devoted entirely to chip design. C-DAC will issue RFPs for strategic projects, and IP created under those projects will be jointly owned by the developer and C-DAC.
Which policy objective is most directly reflected in this design?
A policy analyst is assessing a new national semiconductor programme. The programme has six support pillars, with at least three devoted entirely to chip design. C-DAC will issue RFPs for strategic projects, and IP created under those projects will be jointly owned by the developer and C-DAC.
Which policy objective is most directly reflected in this design?
Answer: C
Explanation:
• Semicon 2.0 explicitly places chip design and intellectual property at the centre of the expanded programme. The C-DAC-led competitive process and joint IP ownership are designed to build domestic capability, including strategic and commercially viable chip design. The other options go beyond or contradict the reported policy framework.
• Semicon 2.0 explicitly places chip design and intellectual property at the centre of the expanded programme. The C-DAC-led competitive process and joint IP ownership are designed to build domestic capability, including strategic and commercially viable chip design. The other options go beyond or contradict the reported policy framework.
Case Study:
A Himalayan district lies downstream of steep unstable ice masses. Scientists warn that a hanging-glacier break-off could generate avalanche flows and may also trigger a glacial lake outburst flood.
Which disaster-management approach best follows from the scientific evidence?
A Himalayan district lies downstream of steep unstable ice masses. Scientists warn that a hanging-glacier break-off could generate avalanche flows and may also trigger a glacial lake outburst flood.
Which disaster-management approach best follows from the scientific evidence?
Answer: D
Explanation:
• The study highlights that hanging-glacier failure can create direct avalanche flows and secondary GLOF hazards. A suitable disaster-management response therefore combines cryosphere monitoring, hazard mapping, early warning and downstream preparedness rather than relying on a single hazard indicator.
• The study highlights that hanging-glacier failure can create direct avalanche flows and secondary GLOF hazards. A suitable disaster-management response therefore combines cryosphere monitoring, hazard mapping, early warning and downstream preparedness rather than relying on a single hazard indicator.
Case Study:
An automobile regulator wants vehicles to warn one another about sudden braking and nearby hazards before drivers can visually detect them. The proposed system exchanges speed, location, acceleration and braking information wirelessly.
Which technology most directly fits this requirement?
An automobile regulator wants vehicles to warn one another about sudden braking and nearby hazards before drivers can visually detect them. The proposed system exchanges speed, location, acceleration and braking information wirelessly.
Which technology most directly fits this requirement?
Answer: A
Explanation:
• V2V allows nearby vehicles to exchange real-time information such as speed, location, acceleration and braking. The reported MoRTH proposal is intended to improve road safety by warning following vehicles before a hazard is visually apparent. GPS and ABS serve different functions.
• V2V allows nearby vehicles to exchange real-time information such as speed, location, acceleration and braking. The reported MoRTH proposal is intended to improve road safety by warning following vehicles before a hazard is visually apparent. GPS and ABS serve different functions.
In the context of copyright law, which principle is most directly associated with Section 2(d)(vi) of the Indian Copyright Act as discussed in the recent AI-generated artwork case?
Answer: B
Explanation:
• The recent Copyright Office decision referred to Section 2(d)(vi), which identifies the author of a computer-generated work as the person who causes the work to be created. The provision therefore focuses on responsibility for origination rather than the software tool alone.
• The recent Copyright Office decision referred to Section 2(d)(vi), which identifies the author of a computer-generated work as the person who causes the work to be created. The provision therefore focuses on responsibility for origination rather than the software tool alone.
Which of the following best distinguishes a geosynchronous Earth-observation satellite such as EOS-05 from a typical low-Earth-orbit Earth-observation satellite?
Answer: C
Explanation:
• EOS-05 is intended for geosynchronous operation so that it can repeatedly observe the same region and provide continuous coverage. Low-Earth-orbit satellites move rapidly relative to the surface and revisit locations periodically. The distinction is orbital geometry, not the presence or absence of imaging equipment.
• EOS-05 is intended for geosynchronous operation so that it can repeatedly observe the same region and provide continuous coverage. Low-Earth-orbit satellites move rapidly relative to the surface and revisit locations periodically. The distinction is orbital geometry, not the presence or absence of imaging equipment.
Under the Indus Waters Treaty framework highlighted in recent coverage, which set comprises the eastern rivers?
Answer: D
Explanation:
• The Indus Waters Treaty divides the six-river system into eastern and western groups for allocation. The eastern rivers are Ravi, Beas and Sutlej, while the western rivers are Indus, Jhelum and Chenab. This distinction is central to the treaty's water-sharing architecture.
• The Indus Waters Treaty divides the six-river system into eastern and western groups for allocation. The eastern rivers are Ravi, Beas and Sutlej, while the western rivers are Indus, Jhelum and Chenab. This distinction is central to the treaty's water-sharing architecture.
Arrange the following developments in chronological order, from earliest to latest:
1. India and Pakistan became full SCO members.
2. The SCO was founded.
3. The SCO amended its Charter to include English as an official and working language.
4. Iran became a full SCO member.
1. India and Pakistan became full SCO members.
2. The SCO was founded.
3. The SCO amended its Charter to include English as an official and working language.
4. Iran became a full SCO member.
Answer: A
Explanation:
• The SCO was founded in 2001; India and Pakistan became full members in 2017; Iran joined in 2023; and the recent Charter amendment added English as an official and working language. Therefore the sequence is 2–1–4–3.
• The SCO was founded in 2001; India and Pakistan became full members in 2017; Iran joined in 2023; and the recent Charter amendment added English as an official and working language. Therefore the sequence is 2–1–4–3.
Which one of the following is the odd one out with reference to the recent India-focused current affairs?
1. Semicon 2.0
2. Legal Metrology (Indian Standard Time) Rules, 2026
3. V2V road-safety proposal
4. Ramon Magsaysay Award
1. Semicon 2.0
2. Legal Metrology (Indian Standard Time) Rules, 2026
3. V2V road-safety proposal
4. Ramon Magsaysay Award
Answer: B
Explanation:
• Semicon 2.0, the IST legal-metrology rules and the V2V proposal are Indian policy or regulatory developments. The Ramon Magsaysay Award is an international award programme associated with Asia and the Philippines, so it is the odd one out in this grouping.
• Semicon 2.0, the IST legal-metrology rules and the V2V proposal are Indian policy or regulatory developments. The Ramon Magsaysay Award is an international award programme associated with Asia and the Philippines, so it is the odd one out in this grouping.
A news report describes a satellite placed into a transfer orbit, followed by orbit-raising manoeuvres toward geosynchronous orbit. Which launch vehicle–satellite combination is being referred to?
Answer: C
Explanation:
• The reported mission was ISRO's GSLV-F17 carrying EOS-05. The rocket placed the satellite into a transfer orbit, after which orbit-raising manoeuvres were to take it toward geosynchronous orbit. The other combinations mismatch the reported launch vehicle or payload.
• The reported mission was ISRO's GSLV-F17 carrying EOS-05. The rocket placed the satellite into a transfer orbit, after which orbit-raising manoeuvres were to take it toward geosynchronous orbit. The other combinations mismatch the reported launch vehicle or payload.